Abstract Mysids of the genus Neomysis are omnivorous, feeding on microalgae, zooplankton, and detritus, and are preyed upon by fish. Neomysis mirabilis is the most dominant mysid in the subarctic Notoro Lagoon, located on the coast of northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. The feeding habit of N. mirabilis was demonstrated as herbivorous during the icy season but has not yet been determined for the longer duration of the warm season. In this study, N. mirabilis were collected from the surface water of Notoro Lagoon in August to October 2023. To determine grazing by N. mirabilis on microalgae during the warm season we estimated the daily ration using gut pigment contents and the gut passage time in a gut evacuation experiment and then compared the data with the estimated carbon requirement. The average daily ration (carbon derived from the consumption of microalgae) ranged from 43.7 to 89.3 μg C ind.-1 day-1 from August to October. The percent composition of the daily ration of microalgae to the metabolic requirement of N. mirabilis ranged from 24.7% to 54.7%. These results reveal that the feeding habit of N. mirabilis can be omnivorous during the warm season.

Abstract This paper introduced an innovative approach to evaluate burrowing activities of earthworms in the subterranean layer of a lowland dipterocarp forest in Danum Valley, Sabah. The motivation behind this study stemmed from the absence of clear and practical methods of observing earthworms in their natural environment. This study proposed modifications to rhizotron-use, for observing earthworms instead of plant roots, using it as a tool for scientists to monitor and assess their activity underground both qualitatively and quantitatively. This paper includes photographic examples and observation advantages to using the 100 cm x 25 cm belowground terrarium. Although this method has certain limitations, it offers significant insights into their behavior, providing both observational and measurable data. The earthworm Perspex rhizotron holds a considerable promise in advancing annelid research, guiding forest management and could pave way for a more creative data collection in the future.

Abstract The digital transformation of media has led to the rapid growth of podcasts as a complementary audio platform to conventional radio broadcasting. This paper presents a comparative review of podcast integration strategies and challenges among radio stations in the United States of America and Malaysia. Through a qualitative document analysis and systematic literature review from 2019 to 2024. The study examines how radio stations utilise podcasts for content delivery, audience engagement, and monetisation. The United States of America will be a great benchmark for emerging podcast markets like Malaysia due to the United States’s position as a global leader in broadcasting industry while also providing a broad perspective on podcast broad-casting. This comparison can help researchers understand the difference between podcast in Malaysia and the United States of America in many significant ways. Findings reveal significant differences between both countries in podcast adoption stages, host selection, content strategy, marketing techniques, and technological infrastructure. While the United States of America ex-hibits mature practices with diversified business models and advanced marketing, Malaysia remains in an early adoption phase with a focus on rebroadcasting. This review highlights the potential for podcasting as an innovation in the radio industry and of-fers insights for broadcasters aiming to bridge strategic gaps.

Abstract Osmotic dehydration (OD) has emerged as a valuable food preservation technique that extends shelf life and retains nutritional value by partially removing water from food through immersion in a hypertonic solution. However, conventional OD faces challenges, including slow mass transfer rates, long processing times, and potentially degrading sensory and nutritional qualities. This mini-review explores the role of blanching, pulsed electric fields (PEF), and ultrasound as pre-treatment methods to enhance the efficiency of OD. Blanching, a traditional thermal technique, effectively prepares food for OD by inactivating enzymes and altering structural properties, although it may lead to nutrient loss. Non-thermal methods like PEF and ultrasound offer significant advantages, including increased cell permeability, faster dehydration, and improved product quality. These methods accelerate the OD process and reduce energy consumption, making food processing more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. The review highlights the importance of selecting appropriate pre-treatment methods to optimize OD, leading to higher quality and more marketable food products. Future research should focus on optimizing these techniques and exploring combined pre-treatment methods to further enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of osmotic dehydration. The pre-treatments not only improve process efficiency but also facilitate scalability, enabling wider implementation in the food industry.