Abstract Two-dimensional Helmholtz equations arise in various fields, including acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics, in which their numerical solutions are essential for modeling wave propagation phenomena. This study presents a numerical approach based on the Bicubic B-spline collocation method combined with the Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) iterative solver to efficiently solve the 2D Helmholtz equation. The method involves constructing a system of equations by discretizing the domain using Bicubic B-spline interpolation and collocation techniques. The resulting linear system is solved iteratively, and the performance of the SOR method is compared with the classical Gauss-Seidel (GS) iteration. Numerical experiments on three test cases demonstrate that the SOR iteration significantly reduces the number of iterations and computational time compared to the GS method, highlighting the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Abstract The Sandakan Heritage Trail contains layered colonial and multi-ethnic histories, but deteriorating signboards, redevelopment pressures, and fragmented custodial documentation have reduced their accessibility. Digital technologies offer new possibilities for preserving interpretive materials, yet secondary cities typically face constraints in custodial capacity and archival continuity. This study develops a collaborative GIS workflow that integrates ArcGIS Field Maps, ArcGIS Survey123, ArcGIS Online, and ArcGIS StoryMaps in cooperation with municipal authorities, museum officers, and public universities. The workflow documents site locations, interpretive materials, and selected accessibility information, while a separate internal dataset captures evaluative walkability observations for municipal planning and future academic analysis. Archival referencing is used to situate signage within established historical sources without modifying narrative content. Preliminary implementation generated a geospatial inventory of interpretive boards and monuments, supported by photographs, coordinates, and provenance metadata. A prototype StoryMap was produced, combining narrative summaries, archival context, and route visualization. The digital consolidation made representational gaps—particularly the dominance of colonial and missionary narratives and the absence of everyday local histories—more visible than when sites are viewed individually. The workflow demonstrates how a lightweight, collaborative GIS model can preserve dispersed heritage materials, clarify provenance, and enhance interpretive accessibility for educators, students, remote users, and individuals with mobility constraints. The outputs offer a transferable approach suitable for secondary cities with limited preservation resources and fragmented archival infrastructure.

Abstract Sumazau music has traditionally related to gong ensemble performance that accompany the Sumazau dance during sacred rituals of the Kadazandusun ethnic group in Sabah, Malaysia. Following the establishment of the Crown Colony of North Borneo in 1946, the function of Sumazau music gradually shifted from ritualistic to secular, becoming a key element in Kadazandusun popular music. Despite its cultural significance, the identity of Sumazau popular music remains underexplored, particularly from a musicological perspective, due to limited scholarly resources. This study reveals that Kadazandusun popular songs in the Sumazau rhythm from the 1970s and 1980s predominantly employ repetitive song forms and simple arrangements that effectively preserve and transmit the essence of traditional Sumazau music into popular domain. Using a qualitative interpretive approach and audio content analysis of eight iconic Sumazau-style songs (five from the 1970s and three from the 1980s), the study applies the Songwriting Cycle Theory to examine musical form and arrangement. The analysis shows that repetitive structures such as AAA and AAAA are dominant, with straightforward yet impactful arrangements that reflect the traditional Sumazau aesthetic. This research contributes to the academic discourse on ethnic music transformation by emphasizing the role of musical form and arrangement in shaping the modern identity of Sumazau popular music. It highlights the importance of preserving traditional elements while adapting to contemporary cultural contexts.

Abstract Insufficient or a lack of sight jeopardises the nutritional status of individuals with visual disability, making them vulnerable to overweight and obesity. Correspondingly, this review examines the prevalence, associated factors, and distinct challenges that individuals experience in achieving optimal nutrition, as well as the suitable interventions to address overweight and obesity in this population. In particular, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this population from previous studies ranged between 29.3% and 77.7%. Concurrently, sociodemographic factors that include age, sex, living accommodation, level of education, employment status, monthly income, marital status, level of visual impairment, affinity for food and eating, self-reported general health, involvement in physical activity, consumption of food supplements, and water consumption are among the aspects associated with overweight and obesity in this population. However, dietary intake involving macronutrients and micronutrients among individuals with visual disabilities is not in line with the recommended consumption. The diet also lacks variety, in addition to having unusual mealtimes and erratic eating patterns. Furthermore, the effects of food on health are often not given priority when it is consumed. At the same time, nutritional challenges are often encountered during the process of buying or shopping for food, when preparing and cooking meals, and when eating out. Thus, effective nutritional interventions to address overweight and obesity in this population need to consider both personal and environmental factors, as well as address participation restrictions and activity limitations. In essence, individuals with visual disability need to be empowered about the issues of malnutrition, especially regarding overweight and obesity, which are prominent in this population. Their environment should be enabled to support a healthy lifestyle to achieve the goal of optimum health and well-being.

Abstract Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) consisting of multiple types of nanoparticles in base fluids, provide better thermal conductivity, stability, and rheological characteristics for automotive cooling systems. The current review is centered on the recent progress in the formulation of HNF which are oxide-carbon hybrids and bio-derived stabilizers like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Besides, the main thermophysical parameters (thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density) are studied in the context of particle morphology, concentration, and dispersion techniques. Ethylene glycol-water blends are still the most widely used base fluid because they provide a good combination of freeze protection and compatibility with materials. However, their low thermal conductivity requires enhancement through nanoparticles. Ultra-low loading hybrids (≤0.1 wt%) developed through surfactant-free ultrasonication or covalent functionalization are promising for the enhancement of thermal conductivity by double digits while maintaining minimal increase in viscosity. CNC-TiO₂ hybrids are still the sustainable options that provide renewable stabilization and chemical resistance, but they have not been completely validated in the automobile radiator loops. The review has pointed out the major issues regarding the lack of synthesis standardization, electrochemical safety, and lifecycle assessment. The future research should focus on large scale extraction of CNC, ligand-assisted assembly of oxide, and integrated system testing under real duty cycles to make the service-ready, environmentally friendly HNF coolants.