Abstract In this paper, primary, secondary and tertiary indicators are used to construct a physical fitness evaluation system for outstanding female Sanda athletes across three different weight categories: 48-52 kg, 56-65 kg, and 70-75 kg. The data are processed using box plot and standard deviation methods, and an evaluation model is developed by combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the entropy weight method. Finally, cluster analysis is applied for empirical evaluation. The study findings are as follows: (1) In the evaluation system, the highest-weighted indicators for the lightest category are general agility and specialized speed; for the middle category, specialized speed and 30-second leg raise; and for the heaviest category, 30-second leg raise and lower limb strength. (2) Lower-weight elite female kickboxers excel in speed; higher-weight elite female kickboxers excel in strength; and mid-weight elite female kickboxers excel in both. These indicators, along with a professional analysis of outstanding female Sanda athletes, are beneficial for coaches and athletes to design personalized training programs and competition tactics for fully exploring athletes' potential and enhancing their performances in competitions at different levels.

Abstract Biostimulant application can enhance compost’s physicochemical properties, nutrient content and performance. Dairy farm effluent compost (DFEC) is a promising planting medium for leafy vegetable production. However, little is known about its quality after biostimulant application. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of humic acid (HA) and indigenous microbial formulation (IMF) on DFEC’s physicochemical properties and macro-micronutrients. Sterilised (ST) or non-sterilised (NST) DFECs were added with HA, IMF or NPK 15:15:15 fertiliser, or a combination of them; there were eight amendments (A1-A8). The amended DFECs were re-used four times for Pak Choy cultivation; the plants were planted in forty-eight 18 L pots. DFEC samples were collected from each pot at the second (MR2), third (MR3) and fourth (MR4) harvesting of the Pak Choy, and the physicochemical properties (pH, EC, C/N ratio, OM, OC, WHC) and macro-micronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu) were evaluated. The macro-micronutrients were analysed using a CHN analyser and ICP-OES. The data were analysed by performing three-way ANOVA at a = 0.05 using SAS. ST-DFEC had higher pH, EC, C/N ratio, WHC, and macro-micronutrients (P, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, and Cu) but lower OM and OC. HA, IMF or HA+IMF application did not significantly affect the DFEC’s physicochemical properties and macro-micronutrients. The effects were significant only after NPK addition (A5-A8). HA+IMF+NPK (A8) was the best amendment to improve P, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, and Cu levels. Nutrient content was better in the second and fourth re-usage of the compost. The data indicated that DFEC’s agronomic quality could be improved by sterilization, NPK+HA+IMF addition or NPK and at least one of the biostimulants, re-usage with NPK and biostimulant applications, or a combination of those amendments.

Abstract Time-fractional diffusion equations (TFDEs) are widely used in modeling anomalous diffusion processes, which occur in various fields such as physics, engineering, and economics. These equations offer a more accurate representation of systems where classical diffusion models fall short, particularly in capturing memory and hereditary properties of materials. In this paper, we employ the Caputo finite difference approximation equation for TFDEs by applying a discretization scheme based on the second-order implicit finite difference and Caputo fractional derivative operator. To solve these equations numerically, the one-dimensional TFDEs are discretized using Caputo’s implicit finite difference approximation. The corresponding system of linear approximation equations is then solved using weighted point iteration methods, specifically Successive Overrelaxation (SOR) and Gauss-Seidel (GS). Three examples are provided to evaluate the performance of these iterative methods. The numerical results demonstrate that the SOR method requires fewer iterations and reduces computational time, proving to be more efficient compared to the Gauss-Seidel method.

Abstract In year 2023, there are at least 3986 football clubs registered from all countries around the world. It was more exciting when the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) World Cup was introduced, and it is held every four years with only qualified teams could take part in the tournament. Malaysian national team squad called Harimau Malaya is also currently training the best to be qualified in this World Cup. To enable them to take part in the prestigious match, they need to work hard to their best to perform well so that the club can be selected in the world match. These clubs do not have an idea about the level of their efficiency. Besides, they do not have the information on the best level of utilization of their available resources. This study intends to identify the efficiency level of the football clubs and determine the ideal inputs and outputs so that the efficiency of the clubs can be maximized. The data of inputs and outputs for each club was obtained from the matches which held in Malaysia Super League 2018. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model is a mathematical approach that is used in this study to evaluate the relative efficiency of the decision-making units (DMU). The DMUs in this study are 10 selected local football clubs, and the input data chosen are stadium capacity, overall transferred players, total shots and corners. Meanwhile, the output data used are ranking, total goal scored and overall points. The DEA result generated has shown that only DMU1 and DMU2 have recorded a full score of efficiency, while other clubs were described as inefficient, and improvement strategy was recommended to the clubs to improve their level of efficiency. The improvement strategy has successfully generated the suggested values of inputs and outputs which are able to increase efficiency to a better level. This study provides valuable insights for the football clubs to improve their performance efficiency and consequently contribute to the quality of the national football performance in future world tournaments.

Abstract Macrobrachium species is one of the most abundant and valuable cultured freshwater prawns in the world, serving as a high-value food resource. A study conducted in Petagas River, Sabah aimed to determine the habitat preferences of this freshwater prawn, as suitable habitats play an important role for the survival and growth of each species. Six stations were selected representing different habitats: vegetation or shades, dead logs or tree roots and no shelter, consisting only of mud or sand. Prawns were caught using fish traps equipped with two entrance funnels, left overnight, and retrieved the next day. Data were analyzed using SPSS, involving Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Habitats with the presence of dead logs or tree roots portrayed the highest percentage of adult individuals caught (54.43%), followed by those with vegetation (27.22%), and mud (18.35%). Additionally, sstatistical analyses revealed a significant difference in the number of adult individuals among all stations (Kruskal-Wallis; p < 0.05), except between stations V1 and V2 (Mann-Whitney U-test; p>0.05). This study showed that freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium spp. in Petagas River exhibit a preference for habitats that include dead logs or tree roots serving as shelter over those containing only vegetation and mud or sand.

Abstract Subsurface flow constructed wetland has been known for its capability to treat wastewater. This work reviewed the removals of ammoniacal nitrogen, orthophosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids recently published in Scopus indexed journals. Ammoniacal nitrogen in subsurface flow constructed wetland was removed via six interconnected mechanisms, namely, nitrification-denitrification, partial nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, plant uptake, volatilisation and adsorption. The orthophosphate was removed via chemical and biological mechanisms such as adsorption, ligand exchange, precipitation, plant uptake and biological storage in microorganisms. Organic matter in the constructed wetland basin was treated via aerobic and anaerobic degradations to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. Physical mechanisms such as filtration, adsorption and gravitational settling were responsible for the removal of total suspended solids. There exist data gaps which were the application of emergent non-aquatic angiosperms as constructed wetland plants and the simultaneous treatment of ammoniacal nitrogen, orthophosphate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids in a single integrated experiment has not been conducted. Future subsurface flow constructed wetland research can address these data gaps.