Hybrid nanofluids for automotive cooling

Mohd Suffian Misaran; Nazrein Adrian Amaludin; Hazlizan Haris; Sariah Saalah; Suryani Saallah; Mohd Kamal Kamarulzaman.

Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) consisting of multiple types of nanoparticles in base fluids, provide better thermal conductivity, stability, and rheological characteristics for automotive cooling systems. The current review is centered on the recent progress in the formulation of HNF which are oxide-carbon hybrids and bio-derived stabilizers like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Besides, the main thermophysical parameters (thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density) are studied in the context of particle morphology, concentration, and dispersion techniques. Ethylene glycol-water blends are still the most widely used base fluid because they provide a good combination of freeze protection and compatibility with materials. However, their low thermal conductivity requires enhancement through nanoparticles. Ultra-low loading hybrids (≤0.1 wt%) developed through surfactant-free ultrasonication or covalent functionalization are promising for the enhancement of thermal conductivity by double digits while maintaining minimal increase in viscosity. CNC-TiO₂ hybrids are still the sustainable options that provide renewable stabilization and chemical resistance, but they have not been completely validated in the automobile radiator loops. The review has pointed out the major issues regarding the lack of synthesis standardization, electrochemical safety, and lifecycle assessment. The future research should focus on large scale extraction of CNC, ligand-assisted assembly of oxide, and integrated system testing under real duty cycles to make the service-ready, environmentally friendly HNF coolants.

KEYWORDS: Hybrid nanofluids; Automotive coolings; Cellulose nanocrystals; Thermal conductivity; Ethylene glycol.



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