Abstract The telecommunication networking technologies are changing day by day with the advancement of the existing technologies. In the proposed 5G networks, the role of Software-defined networking (SDN) is to provide programmable networking and decoupling the control and data plane. SDN comes from the requirement for providing the dynamic, high speed with low latency connectivity in real-time. This requirement introduces a new framework for creating programmable networking, decoupling forwarding and controlling planes, flexible real-time network, virtualizations in networking for managing the complexities in 5G heterogeneous networking. The emergence of virtualization has become the most useful technology for creating virtual machines remotely and apply security rules using programmable hardware to control centrally. In this article, the author discussed the cloud-based mobile ad hoc network (Cloud-MANET or sometimes called C-MANET) in the architecture of SDN for 5G heterogeneous networks. The main idea of creating the C-MANET mobility model in the SDN framework is to enable programmable networking and accessibility for the moving devices in the range of MANET and cloud connectivity. In the framework of SDN, the C-MANET mobility model implementation is not an easy task, but it can be a very useful contribution to add this model in the framework of SDN so that it provides the connection service in that location where internet or cellular networks are impossible or at the situation of a disaster.

REFERENCES

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4. Alam, T. & Benaida, M. 2018a. The role of cloud-MANET framework in the internet of things (IoT). International Journal of Online Engineering, 14(12), 97-111.
5. Alam, T. & Benaida, M. 2018b. CICS: Cloud–Internet Communication Security Framework for the Internet of Smart Devices. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 12(6), 74-84.
6. Alam, T. & Benaida, M. 2020. Blockchain, Fog and IoT Integrated Framework: Review, Architecture and Evaluation. Technology Reports of Kansai University. Vol 62 (02).
7. Alam, T. & Rababah, B. 2019. Convergence of manet in communication among smart devices in IoT. International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies (IJWMT), 9(2), 1-10.
8. Alam, T. 2017. Middleware Implementation in Cloud-MANET Mobility Model for Internet of Smart Devices. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 17(5), 86-94.
9. Alam, T. 2018a. A Reliable Communication Framework and Its Use in Internet of Things (IoT). International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), 3(5), 450-456.
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11. Alam, T. 2019a. 5G-Enabled Tactile Internet for smart cities: vision, recent developments, and challenges. Jurnal Informatika, 13(2), 1-10.
12. Alam, T. 2019b. Blockchain and its Role in the Internet of Things (IoT). International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 5(1), 151-157.
13. Alam, T. 2019c. IoT-Fog: A communication framework using blockchain in the internet of things. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 7(6), 833 - 838.
14. Alam, T. 2020. Internet of Things: A Secure Cloud-Based MANET Mobility Model. International Journal of Network Security, 22(3), 514 - 520.
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Abstract Antimicrobials that previously brought the medical sciences to a new strata are in grave danger due to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Predatory bacteria that were discovered in the 1960s offer a glimmer of hope as they demonstrate the capacity to predate upon pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The current review attempts to describe the therapeutic potential of bacterial predators in multiple medical conditions that have bacteria as the aetiologic agent. In the same vein, the review provides accounts in which the safety of bacterial predators are substantiated in addition to providing a discourse which evaluates their usage method(s) that would offer the highest degree of benefit in clinical settings.

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Abstract Preliminary study was commenced to investigate the avifauna diversity presented on Sebatik Island in Sabah. Opportunistic sampling was conducted at four villages and along Sungai Haji Kuning for three days. A total of 28 avifauna individuals belonged to 13 different species were observed on Sebatik Island, which were mainly comprised of carnivorous and non-threatened resident species. All recorded migratory avifauna species, as well as the five avifauna species sighted along Sungai Haji Kuning, were determined as carnivores, hence indicating the relationship between migratory behaviour and habitat type with feeding guild of local avifauna. Since that there were no significant differences in avifauna species composition and abundance, thus both human settlement and riverine mangrove habitats were vital to the survival of both migratory and resident species. Because of that, conservation effort is required to preserve this small island habitat and its avifauna inhabitants from being threatened by anthropogenic disturbances.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the physical and mechanical properties of plywood from veneers of Neolamarckia cadamba by using four different adhesive spreads (150, 200, 250 and 300 g/m²) of phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). Veneers were assembled perpendicularly to each other’s grain direction before being cut and tested for density, bending test (Modulus of Elasticity, MOE and Modulus of Rupture, MOR), shear test and delamination. The results were used to compare with control adhesive spread of 250 g/m² which is used by the industry. The physical test based on ASTM D734 showed trend to increase in density with the increment of adhesive spreads. For the mechanical test based on JAS 233:2003, although none of the MOE and MOR values of the four adhesive spreads fulfilled the requirement of JAS standard, their values increased with the increment of adhesive spreads. Shear value increased from 150 to 250 g/m² but dropped at 300 g/m². The delamination test showed no delamination (0%) to all the four different adhesive spreads which showed the water resistance properties of PRF. Generally, the results of both physical and mechanical test showed no difference for every increment of 50 g/m² of adhesive spreads from 200 g/m² onwards. Since the result showed that 200 g/m² no significant difference using p < 0.05 to 250 g/m² in all the physical and mechanical test, the adhesive spreads of PRF could be reduced to 200 g/m² in plywood manufacturing in order to reduce cost and pollution without affecting the physical and mechanical properties of plywood.