Agent Architecture: An Overview Kim On CHIN, Kim Soon GAN, Rayner ALFRED, Patricia ANTHONY, Dickson LUKOSE. Download pdf. Keywords: Agent; Multi-Agent; Agent Architecture; Semantic Web Technology. A b s t r a c t Agent architecture has been one of the core components in building an agent application. Agent architecture is considered as the functional brain of an agent in making decision and reasoning to solve problem and achieving goals. This paper reviews some of the existing agent architectures such as logic-based architecture, reactive architecture, BDI architecture, hybrid architecture, cognitive architecture, and semantic architecture. The purpose of this study is to identify distinctive features of the different types of agent architectures and how they are implemented to solve real world problems. References Agre, P. & Chapman, D. 1987. PENGI: An implementation of a theory of activity. In Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-87), 268-272, Seattle, WA. Ambros-Ingerson, J. & Steel, S. 1988. Integrating planning, execution and monitoring. In: Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-88), 83-88, St. Paul, MN. Amir, E. & Maynard-Reid, P. 2000. Logic-based subsumption architecture: Empirical evaluation, in Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Parallel Architectures for Cognition. Amir, E. & Maynard-Reid, P. 2004. Logic-based subsumption architecture. Artificial Intelligence, 153:167-237. Anderson, J. 1976. Language, Memory and Thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. Anderson, J. R. & Lebiere, C. 2003. The Newell test for a theory of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Science 26: 587-637. Berges, I., Berm�dez, J., Go�i, A. & lllarramendi, A. 2008. Semantic Web Technology for Agent Communication Protocols, The Semantic Web: Research And Applications Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 5021/2008:5-18. Berners-Lee, T. 1999. Weaving the Web. Orion Business, London. Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J. & Lassila, O. 2001. The Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001, 28-37. Bratman, M. E. 1987. Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Bratman, M. E., Israel, D. J. & Pollack, M. E. 1988. Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning. Computational Intelligence 4:349-355. Brooks, R. A. 1986. A robust layered control system for a mobile robot. IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, 2(1):14-23. Brooks, R. A. 1991a. Intelligence without reason. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91), 569-595, Sydney, Australia. Brooks, R. A. 1991b. Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47:139-159. Chapman, D. & Agre, P. 1986. Abstract reasoning as emergent from concrete activity. In Georgeff, M. P. and Lansky, A. L., editors, Proceedings of the Reasoning About Actions &Plans, 411-424. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Mateo, CA. Cohen, P. R., Greenberg, M. L., Hart, D. M. & Howe, A. E. 1989. Trial by fire: Understanding the design requirements for agents in complex environments. AI Magazine 10(3): 32-48. Comuzzi, M., Kritikos, K., & Plebani, P. 2009. A Semantic Based Framework for Supporting Negotiation in Service Oriented Architectures. IEEE Conference on Commerce and Enterprise Computing, 2009. CEC '09, 137-145, 20-23 July. d�Inverno, M., Kinny, D., Luck, M. & Wooldridge, M. 1998. A Formal Specification of dMARS. In Singh, M.P., Rao, A.S. and Wooldridge, M. (eds), Intelligent Agents IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, 155�176, Springer. Doran, J. E., Franklin, S., Jennings, N. R. & Norman, T. J. 1997. On Cooperation in Multi-Agent Systems. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 12(3): 309-314. Duch, W., Oentaryo, R. J. & Pasquier, M. 2008. Cognitive Architectures: Where do we go from here? In Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Artificial General Intelligence, Pei Wang, Ben Goertzel, and Stan Franklin (Eds.). 122-136. IOS Press, Amsterdam, Netherland. Durfee, E. H. & Rosenschein, J. S. 1994. Distributed problem solving and multiagent systems: Comparisons and examples. In Klein, M. editor, Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on DAI, 94-104, LakeQuinalt, WA. Erdur, R. C. & Seylan, I. 2008. The design of a semantic web compatible content language for agent communication. Expert Systems 25(3): 268-294. Etzioni, 0. Lesh, N. & Segal, R. 1994. Building softbots for UNIX. In: Etzioni, 0. (ed.) Software Agents-Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03), 9-16, AAAI Press. Ferguson, I. A. 1992. TouringMachines: An Architecture for Dynamic, Rational, Mobile Agents. PhD thesis, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK. Fikes, R. E. & Nilsson, N. 1971. STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artificial Intelligence, 5(2): 189-208. Franklin, S. 2006. The LIDA architecture: Adding new modes of learning to an intelligent, autonomous, software agent. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Integrated Design and Process Technology. San Diego, CA. Genesereth, M. R. & Ketchpel, S. P. 1994. Software Agents. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37, No. 7: 48-53. Georgeff, M. P. & Lansky, A. L. 1986. Reasoning About Actions & Plans. Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Mateo, CA. Hawkins, J. & Blakeslee, S. 2004. On intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines. Times Books. Hecht-Nielsen, R. 2007. Confabulation Theory: The Mechanism of Thought. Springer. Howden, N., Ronnquist, R., Hodgson, A. & Lucas, A. 2001. JACK Intelligent Agents � Summary of an Agent Infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. Huber, M. 1999. JAM: A BDI-Theoretic Mobile Agent Architecture. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Autonomous Agents, 236�243, New York, NY. Jennings, N. R. 1993. Specification and implementation of a belief desire joint-intention architecture for collaborative problem solving. Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems, 2(3):289-318. Kaelbling, L. P. 1991. A situated automata approach to the design of embedded agents. SIGART Bulletin, 2(4):85-88. Kaelbling, L. P. & Rosenschein, S. J. 1990. Action and planning in embedded agents. In Maes, P., editor, Designing Autonomous Agents, 35-48. The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. Laird, J. E., Rosenbloom, P. S., & Newell, A. 1987. Soar: An architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 33: 1-64. Langley, P. 2004. An cognitive architectures and the construction of intelligent agents. In Proc. Workshop on Intelligent Agent Architectures, 82. Stanford, CA. Langley, P. 2005. An adaptive architecture for physical agents. In Proc. of the 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM Int. Conf. on Intelligent Agent Technology. Compiegne, France: IEEE Computer Society Press, 18-25. Langley, P., Laird, J. E. & Rogers, S. 2009. Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges. Cognitive Systems Research 10(2): 141-160. Leyton-Brown, K. E. 2003. Resource Allocation in Competitive Multiagent Systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Neches, R., Langley, P., & Klahr, D. 1987. Learning, development, and production systems. In D. Klahr, P. Langley, & R. Neches (Eds.), Production system models of learning and development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Newell, A. 1973. Production systems: Models of control structures. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing. New York: Academic Press. Newell, A. 1990. Unified Theories of Cognition: Harvard University Press. Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. 1976. Computer science as empirical enquiry. Communications of the ACM 19: 113-126. Maes, P. 1989. The dynamics of action selection. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89), 991-997, Detroit, MI. Maes, P. 1990. Situated agents can have goals. In Maes, P., editor, Designing Autonomous Agents, pages 49-70. The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. Maes, P. 1991. The agent network architecture (ANA). SIGART Bulletin, 2(4):115-120. Maes, P. 1997. On Sofware Agents: Humanizing The Global Computer," Internet Computing, IEEE, vol.1, no.4: 10-19. Meyer, D. E. & Kieras, D. E. 1997. A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 1. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104(1):3-65. Muller, J. P. & Pischel, M. 1993. The Agent Architecture InteRRaP: Concept and Application, DFKI Saarbrucken. Munir, M., Mathieu, V., Thomas, M. & Stefan, B. 2011. A Layered Manufacturing System Architecture Supported with Semantic Agent Capabilities. In Atilla, E., Mamadou, K. & Mehmet, O. Semantic Agent Systems: Studies in Computational Intelligence., 215-242, Springer Berlin pp O'Reilly, R. C., Braver, T. S. & Cohen J. D. 1999. A biologically-based computational model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of Working Memory. 375-411, Cambridge University Press Pozna, C., Precup, R. E., Kovacs, J. & Foldesi, P. 2011. Cooperation in multiagent systems. 9th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY). IEEE. 195-200. Sept. Rao, A. S. & Georgeff, M. P. 1991. Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture. In Fikes, R. and Sandewall, E., editors, Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-91), 473-484. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Mateo, CA. Rosenschein, S. 1985. Formal theories of knowledge in AI and robotics. New Generation Computing, 345-357. Rosenschein, S. & Kaelbling, L. P. 1986. The synthesis of digital machines with provable epistemic properties. In Halpern, J. Y., editor, Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, 83-98. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Mateo, CA. Russell, S. & Norvig, P. 1995. Artificial Intelligence: a Modem Approach. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Sadaf, A., Amal, T., Amna, B. & Sergio, C. 2009. Semantic Agent Oriented Architecture for Researcher Profiling and Association (SemoRA). IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technologies. vol.3, 559-562, 15-18 Sept. Shardlow, N, 1990. Action and agency in cognitive science. Master's thesis. Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester MI3 9PL, UK. Shoham, Y. & Leyton-Brown, K. 2008. Multiagent Systems - Algorithmic, Game-Theoretic, and Logical Foundations. Cambridge University Press. Steels, L. 1990. Cooperation between distributed agents through self organization. In Demazeau, Y. and M�ller, J.-P., editors, Decentralized AI - Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-89), pages 175-196. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.: Amsterdam, Netherlands. Sun, R. & Alexandre, F. 1997. Connectionist symbolic integration. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Sun, R., Merrill, E. & Peterson, T. 2001. From implicit skills to explicit knowledge: A bottom-up model of skill learning. Cognitive Science, 25(2): 203-244. Togelius, J. 2003. Evolution of the layers in a subsumption architecture robot controller. Dissertation for the Master of Science. University of Sussex Vere, S. & Bickmore, T. 1990. A basic agent. Computational Intelligence 6:41-60. WeiB, G. (ed.). 1999. Multi-Agent Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Wooldridge, M. 2001. Introduction to Multiagent Systems. 1st Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Wooldridge, M. 2009. An Introduction to Multiagent Systems. 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Wooldridge, M. & Jennings, N. R. 1995. Intelligent agents: theory and practice. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 10(2): 115-152 Wooldridge, M & Parsons, S. 1998. Intention Reconsideration Reconsidered. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Intelligent Agents V, Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL '98), J�rg P. M�ller, Munindar P. Singh, and Anand S. Rao (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, London, UK, UK, 63-79. Wood, S. 1993. Planning and Decision Making in Dynamic Domains. Ellis Horwood. Yu, C.H., Werfel, J. & Nagpal, R. 2010. Collective decision-making in multi-agent systems by implicit leadership. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems: volume 3 - Volume 3 (AAMAS '10), Vol. 3. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC, 1189-1196. Zhai, S. P. 2011. A semantic negotiation model for service property value between service agents. 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Control (ICACC), 552-556, 18-20 Jan.