Abstract An examination has been carried out to govern the daily, monthly and annual temperature variations in urban habitats of the Bengaluru region, India for the period 2007-2015. Spatial pattern of temperature showed the increase in monthly and annual variation in the Bengaluru region. Mean maximum temperature was found to be the highest in the month of April (32.65-35.34 °C), whereas mean minimum temperature was found to be the lowest in the month of January (15.27-17.11 °C). A linear relationship between the minimum (Y) and maximum temperatures (X) was established in the form of equation as y = 0.6581x + 0.0674; R² = 0.2625. The findings of the study are reliable with the results obtained by other parts of Indian subcontinent and the remaining parts of the world. Thus, climate change will rigorously influence the Indian monsoon in terms of generating more tolerances which may have impact on the biodiversity of flora and fauna.

Abstract The “Tagal system” is a traditional water conservation that prohibits fishing activities in the river for a predetermined time. The initiation of this system is to sustain the inland river resources, restoration of polluted river and generate income for the inhabitants. Furthermore, the ‘Tagal’ system is evolved into ecotourism activities such as fish massage which is beneficial to the inhabitants. However, the hygiene and management of fish massage becomes an issue for the users. Surveys were conducted at two Tagal areas namely ‘Tagal’ Luanti Moroli River, Ranau, and ‘Tagal’ Kiulu, Tamparuli. Result from the surveys have shown that the majority agreed fish massages are beneficial activities and would be safe to be conducted at ‘Tagal’ area. The majority also agreed to participate in the ‘Tagal’ conservation because it promotes good sustainable management for the inland river. Moreover, Willingness to Pay (WTP) would be a good management practice for the inhabitantsbut the linear regression model shows that only marital status, level of education, occupation, and distance variables were correlated with WTP. Further investigation is necessary in this field of study in the future.

Abstract Seadornaviruses are lesser known emerging arboviral pathogens that have a wide geographic range as their members have been isolated or detected in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. The genus has multiple members but Banna Virus (BAV) and Liao Ning virus (LNV) are of particular interest due to their pathogenic and virulent nature. At a glance, their disease causing capacity may pale in comparison to Dengue virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus, Zika virus and others along those lines but this capacity could increase significantly in the future as Seadornaviruses may have only recently began adapting to the vector/human transmission cycle. The type species of the genus, BAV causes a myriad of symptoms upon infection while LNV, another member shows wide tissue tropism in vitro and causes fatality upon reinfection in vivo. Additionally, it is possible that infection by Seadornaviruses may lead to long term sequelae. Cumulatively, the data suggests that BAV and LNV and possibly other members may be highly successful arboviral pathogens. Due to paucity of knowledge pertaining their clinical significance, research has stalled and consequently viruses of the genera are poorly characterized. The current review of Seadornaviruses aims to provide an update on the literature related to them in addition to raising awareness about them and their potential clinical significance. Similarly, discussions are performed throughout the manuscript to highlight future research directions.